What are the available financing options for your business? In today’s dynamic business environment, securing the right financing is the key to propelling businesses towards success. Whether it’s borrowing from family members or raising funds from the public through an initial public offering (IPO), each avenue has its own unique characteristics suitable for businesses in different circumstances. Exploring financing options is a strategic approach to building a strong and sustainable financial foundation for the business.

1. Debt Financing

Debt financing is a method for businesses to raise funds by borrowing from lenders such as family, friends, financial institutions, or investors. The borrower is required to repay the loan principal plus interest during the debt’s maturity. Debt financing is a common and straightforward way to secure funds for business operations.

A loan from family or friends is the most appealing option for start-ups and small businesses. These loans and loans from other unregulated and unlicensed lenders are considered informal loans. This financing typically does not require a business track record, comes with loose terms and minimal paperwork, and is quick and easily accessible. However, informal loans have many drawbacks. For example, the borrowers’ creditworthiness is not properly assessed, which often results in a high loan default rate and the borrower’s high indebtedness. Furthermore, there is no standard loan restructuring to help the borrowers who face financial difficulty, and the recovery of the informal loan can be very harsh, leading to relationship breakdown. This risk underscores the need for caution and careful consideration when opting for this type of financing.

Another type of debt financing option is bank loans. Understanding and demonstrating the 5Cs—character, capital, collateral, capacity, and condition—is crucial when considering formal bank financing. Formal bank loans provide a better loan handling process. Bank loans are strictly regulated, and the banking regulations are designed to protect consumers and banking stability. CGCC has supported businesses in access to formal banks loans by providing credit guarantees which act as collateral for the borrowers.

Once a business matures, generally after 3 years or more of successful operation, it can consider raising funds through bond issuance. A bond is a fixed-income debt instrument, an alternative to a bank loan. Lenders lend money to the borrowers by purchasing the bonds issued by the borrowers who promise to pay back the principal plus interest during the maturity of the bond. Compared to a bank loan, a bond offers more flexibility in structure, size, maturity, and interest payment. The comparison between bank loans and bonds is explained in CGCC’s Newsletter Issue 9. CGCC launched the Bond Guarantee Scheme in January 2024 to support corporations issuing bonds in Cambodia.

2. Equity Financing

Equity financing is a method of raising capital by selling a portion of business ownership to investors. When investing in a company’s equity, the investors become shareholders of the business and may be able to influence critical company decisions. While equity investors are not entitled to fixed interest payments from the business, they share the profit and loss of the business. Equity financing can be raised through a private offering from angel investors and venture capital or a public offering from public investors.

An angel investment is an equity investment by angel investors (wealthy individuals with business experience) who purchase ownership of a business, usually a start-up, that they find attractive and have the potential to grow and generate high profits. To raise funds from angel investors, the business owners should have a solid business plan that can convince the angel investors to invest. Unlike angel investors, who invest their own money in the business, venture capitalists use a pool of funds from individual and institutional investors. Venture capital conducts stricter due diligence on the businesses before deciding to invest and can provide technical assistance and managerial experience to improve the operation of the company.

Another financing option is an initial public offering (IPO), a process of selling company shares to public investors for the first time. Since the funds are raised from the public, a publicly listed company is required to go through rigorous due diligence and comply with strict disclosure requirements. Therefore, IPO can increase the company’s publicity, credibility, and greater access to financing for long-term future growth. The process of IPO is regulated by the Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia.

Read more: Understanding Financing Options for Businesses